{"id":10657,"date":"2026-08-29T23:43:22","date_gmt":"2026-08-29T15:43:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/q8bbzjnpm5.wpdns.site\/?p=10657"},"modified":"2026-08-29T23:43:22","modified_gmt":"2026-08-29T15:43:22","slug":"how-to-determine-if-a-transformer-meets-capacity-requirements","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/ar\/news\/how-to-determine-if-a-transformer-meets-capacity-requirements\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u062f 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\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 5-8 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644. \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0636\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647. \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 kVA (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629) \u0648 kW (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629) \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 0.8 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 25% \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 kVA \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0640 kW. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 30\u201350% \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"load-calculation\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 1: \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c HVAC \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u063a\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629\u060c VFDs \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0627 (\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u2014 VFDs\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 UPS \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u062c\u0645\u0639 kVA \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0642\u064a\u0645 kW \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0644. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u0637 kW \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 kVA \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647. \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<th>\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a<\/th>\n<th>\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0647<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628)<\/td>\n<td>0.60\u20130.75<\/td>\n<td>10\u201315%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>0.70\u20130.85<\/td>\n<td>10\u201320%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/td>\n<td>0.90\u20131.00<\/td>\n<td>15\u201325%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a (\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<td>0.95\u20131.00<\/td>\n<td>20\u201330%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>0.50\u20130.70<\/td>\n<td>10%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 10% \u0625\u0644\u0649 20%\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u064a \u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"kva-formulas\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 2: \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 kVA<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 kVA \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f: kVA = (\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \u00d7 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631) \u00f7 1000<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a: kVA = (\u221a3 \u00d7 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \u00d7 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631) \u00f7 1000<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 kW \u0625\u0644\u0649 kVA: kVA = kW \u00f7 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628: \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0637 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f 480 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0639 240 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0648 (1.732 \u00d7 480 \u00d7 240) \u00f7 1000 = 199.5 kVA. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a 0.85 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a 170 kW.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631 (\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a)<\/th>\n<th>\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 (\u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631)<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628 (kVA)<\/th>\n<th>\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a (kVA)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>240 (\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f)<\/td>\n<td>100<\/td>\n<td>24.0<\/td>\n<td>25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>480 (\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631)<\/td>\n<td>120<\/td>\n<td>99.8<\/td>\n<td>112.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>480 (\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631)<\/td>\n<td>240<\/td>\n<td>199.5<\/td>\n<td>225<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>480 (\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631)<\/td>\n<td>480<\/td>\n<td>399.1<\/td>\n<td>500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>13,800 (\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631)<\/td>\n<td>25<\/td>\n<td>597.5<\/td>\n<td>750<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>13,800 (\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631)<\/td>\n<td>42<\/td>\n<td>1003.8<\/td>\n<td>1250<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a IEC \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 (25\u060c 50\u060c 100\u060c 160\u060c 250\u060c 400\u060c 500\u060c 630\u060c 800\u060c 1000\u060c 1250\u060c 1600\u060c 2000\u060c 2500 kVA) \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 IEC \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 - \u0645\u0646 15 \u0625\u0644\u0649 30 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 - \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-10660\" src=\"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/4-key-steps.webp\" alt=\"4 key steps\" width=\"1448\" height=\"1086\" \/><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"load-factor\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 3: \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647:<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 = \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u00f7 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 400 kVA \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0648\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 150 kVA \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 0.375. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0648 \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 1.3 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1.5 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0640 IEC 60076-7 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0644 85% \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u062e\u0648\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0647\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u064a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 6-8 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0640 90% \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 65 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 105 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 80% \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062e\u062f\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"verification-methods\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 4: \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 (\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a)<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a: \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f ONAN\u060c ONAN\/ONAF\u060c AN\/AF \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 IEC 60076-1\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062d\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642<\/th>\n<th>\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0647<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \/ \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/td>\n<td>\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a<\/td>\n<td>$200\u2013$600 (\u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0646\u063a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0644<\/td>\n<td>$300\u2013$800 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0628 (DGA)<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a<\/td>\n<td>$80\u2013$200 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 DGA \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062d \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0622\u062e\u0631. \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0632\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u061b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"capacity-table\">\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f 30 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629).<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641<\/th>\n<th>\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 - \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641 (AN)<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 - \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a (ONAN)<\/th>\n<th>\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a (FOB \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>100<\/td>\n<td>4\/0.4 kV\u060c 11\/0.4 kV<\/td>\n<td>80\u201390 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>70\u201380 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>$2,500\u2013$6,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>250<\/td>\n<td>11\/0.4 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a<\/td>\n<td>200\u2013225 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>175\u2013200 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>$4,500\u2013$11,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>500<\/td>\n<td>11\/0.4 kV\u060c 33\/0.4 kV<\/td>\n<td>400\u2013450 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>350\u2013400 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>$8,000\u2013$18,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1000<\/td>\n<td>10\/0.4 kV\u060c 35\/10 kV<\/td>\n<td>800\u2013900 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>700\u2013800 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>$15,000\u2013$32,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1600<\/td>\n<td>35\/10 kV\u060c 33\/0.4 kV<\/td>\n<td>1,280\u20131,440 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>1,120\u20131,280 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>$24,000\u2013$48,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2500<\/td>\n<td>35\/10 kV<\/td>\n<td>2,000\u20132,250 kVA<\/td>\n<td>1,750\u20132,000 kVA<\/td>\n<td>$38,000\u2013$75,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>It must be pointed out that the assumed continuous limits of supply apply under the conditions of a clean supply and a power factor at the terminals of the transformer almost equal to one. However, if one takes into account harmonics, the situation becomes quite different. For instance, a 20-% total harmonic distortion of the current causes an increase in the effective thermal loading of 5 to 10%, and an already-running apparatus may find itself under an overload even though its kVA appears to be in normal limits.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"specs\">Specifications That Affect Capacity<\/h2>\n<p>In addition to the kVA rating, several other nameplate specifications affect the actual capacity provided by the transformer in your application:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cooling classification (IEC 60076-2): An ONAN transformer self-cools to its full rating. An ONAN\/ONAF transformer has additional active fans, providing around 20% to 30% more than its standard rating.<\/li>\n<li>Temperature increase (K): A transformer rated for 65 K has more capacity than a transformer rated for 55 K of the same size but will subject its insulation to more wear and tear.<\/li>\n<li>Impedance voltage (uk%): It is usually around four to ten percent for distribution transformers. A higher impedance value reduces the fault current but has worse voltage drop characteristics.<\/li>\n<li>Vector group (Dyn11, Yyn0, Yd11): Needs to suit the system to prevent issues with circulating currents.<\/li>\n<li>De-rating due to altitude and temperature: As the altitude rises above 1000 m and temperature exceeds 40 \u00b0C, according to IEC 60076-1 the transformers should be de-rated (generally 0.5 % to 1 % each 100 m above 1000 m).<\/li>\n<li>Material used for windings: Copper windings have around 15% to 25% higher short-circuit capacity than aluminum windings but are also about 20% to 40% more expensive.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"brands-prices\">Brands and Price Ranges for Capacity-Graded Units<\/h2>\n<p>When it comes to overseas products, capacity validation is of paramount importance, since the difference between performance specifications and actual performance increases when customers cannot physically examine the product at the factory. International brands charge more for their nameplate capacity, while Chinese producers provide almost the same validated capacity at much lower prices.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a<\/th>\n<th>Notable Position<\/th>\n<th>Indicative Price (500 kVA)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>ABB<\/td>\n<td>Distribution to 50+ MVA<\/td>\n<td>Global leader, strong service network<\/td>\n<td>$18,000\u2013$30,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0632<\/td>\n<td>Distribution to transmission<\/td>\n<td>High-efficiency amorphous-core options<\/td>\n<td>$18,000\u2013$32,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0634\u0646\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643<\/td>\n<td>Dry-type distribution<\/td>\n<td>Deep low-voltage integration<\/td>\n<td>$15,000\u2013$28,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0647\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0634\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<td>Utility and industrial<\/td>\n<td>Grid-strength and HVDC expertise<\/td>\n<td>$17,000\u2013$30,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0625\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<td>Distribution, pad-mount<\/td>\n<td>Strong North American footprint<\/td>\n<td>$14,000\u2013$26,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>CG Power, TBEA<\/td>\n<td>Utility and industrial<\/td>\n<td>Large-volume manufacturers<\/td>\n<td>$10,000\u2013$18,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0633\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>10 kVA\u2013100 MVA<\/td>\n<td>IEC 60076-certified, full factory test reports, copper windings standard<\/td>\n<td>$8,000\u2013$16,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>The prices above are only estimates, based on FOB China \/ ex-works, for the 500 kVA class unit. Variations in price will depend on the customer requirements and use cases. The international brands listed above are only a selection of many competitors in the market with years of experience. What makes Jiangsu Subian Electric Power special for someone with capacity requirements? All the units come with the IEC 60076 report for routine testing as well as copper windings as standard. Essentially, a buyer knows exactly what he\/she receives with the unit. This information makes the decision-making process easier, as the capacity requirements are presented in the report. In case of doubts regarding the parameters, the client can always check the factory report figures against the calculation in this study.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-10661\" src=\"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/A-7-Point-Capacity-Verification-Checklist.webp\" alt=\"A 7-Point Capacity Verification Checklist\" width=\"1448\" height=\"1086\" \/><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"checklist\">A 7-Point Capacity Verification Checklist<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>You should compile a comprehensive list of all loads and group them as continuous, intermittent, motor, or nonlinear.<\/li>\n<li>You need to convert every load into kVA based on either the single-phase, three-phase, or kW-to-kVA conversion formula.<\/li>\n<li>You should take advantage of a diversity factor (which is usually somewhere in the range of 0.7 to 0.85 for industrial plants) and a growth factor of about 10 to 20 percent.<\/li>\n<li>Once you have obtained these figures, you can check them against nameplate kVA and ensure they fall within the range of standard IEC values.<\/li>\n<li>Make sure you confirm that cooling class, impedance, vector group as well as temperature rise comply with system standards.<\/li>\n<li>To confirm that everything is alright, you should request and read factory routine tests reports before you make any payment.<\/li>\n<li>After you have installed the system, monitor its demand for one week and establish that peak kVA does not exceed the prescribed level.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"faq\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3>How do I know if my transformer is overloaded?<\/h3>\n<p>Compare the average demand of the last 15 minutes with the rated capacity of the transformer. If the average exceeds 80% of the capacity for oil-type transformers or 90% for dry types on a constant basis, this means that the device is, in fact, overloaded. Among the signs of overloading that can be observed are the temperature of the oil above 90\u00b0C (one can use class-A paper), hot-spot readings that give above 105\u00b0C, noise in the tank, and gas composition analysis of gasses like hydrogen and ethylene. One would be able to cope with the problem in case of rebalancing the load, cooling it, or replacing the transformer with the next standard rating higher than the current one.<\/p>\n<h3>What is the difference between kW and kVA in transformer capacity?<\/h3>\n<p>kW stands for the actual power, whereas kVA stands for apparent power. kW can be calculated using the formula kVA = kW \u00f7 power factor. For instance, when the power factor is 0.8, the power of 100 kW requires transformers with 125kVA capacity. The nameplate of the transformer is always in kVA because all thermal capacity of the transformer depends on the winding. If the power factor is less than one, the transformer might not meet the requirements when calculated only with the help of kW.<\/p>\n<h3>What load factor should I use when sizing a transformer?<\/h3>\n<p>Use the real diversity factor of the loads in the facility: 0.6\u20130.75( for office buildings), 0.7\u20130.85(for industrial sites), 0.9\u20131.0 (for hospitals or data centers). Do not confuse these factors \u2014 the diversity and the load factor (average \u00f7 peak demand). If you are dealing with a new facility, use threat factor of 0.75 with a 15\u201320% growth margin. In case you are working with an existing facility and have all the utility bills for the last 12 months, you only need to compute your load factor.<\/p>\n<h3>Can a transformer run above its rated kVA temporarily?<\/h3>\n<p>Yes, it can, was allowed to do it only under strict circumstances. According to IEC 60076-7, the oil-immersed transformer with ONAN cooling system can handle up to 1.3 of its rated electrical load provided that it did not exceed 70% and heating temperature stays below 120\u00b0C. Every hour of usage of overload would shorten the lifespan of the insulation significantly \u2014 for example insulation at the temperature of 110\u00b0C would function only for a few years instead of several decades when used properly.<\/p>\n<h3>What does an extra 10% of capacity margin cost?<\/h3>\n<p>If the transformer has a capacity of 500 kVA, getting the new transformer with a capacity of 630 kVA would cost you 15\u201325% more (which means about $2,000\u20134,000). If you consider replacing the transformer after it failed, you should be prepared to pay for the new device $8,000\u201318,000 and waste up to 1\u20134 weeks to wait for it. If you can avoid switching off the load just once during 20 years, your investment in margin of 10\u201320% would have already paid off.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"references\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/en\/publication\/200\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">IEC 60076-1: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0639\u0627\u0645<\/a> \u2014 the international standard defining transformer ratings, capacity, and test requirements.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/en\/publication\/57088\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">IEC 60076-7: Power Transformers \u2014 Loading Guide for Oil-Immersed Transformers<\/a> \u2014 the authoritative guide for cyclic overload and temperature limits.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/standards.ieee.org\/ieee\/C57.12.00\/6735\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">IEEE C57.12.00: General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers<\/a> \u2014 North American equivalent capacity and testing framework.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electrical4u.com\/transformer-load-factor\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Electrical4U \u2014 Transformer Load Factor and Efficiency<\/a> \u2014 a clear explanation of load factor, diversity, and efficiency curves.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eaton.com\/content\/dam\/eaton\/products\/electrical-circuit-protection\/transformers\/transformer-sizing-guide.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Eaton \u2014 Transformer Sizing Guide<\/a> \u2014 practical kVA calculation tables and sizing examples used across industry.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fluke.com\/en-us\/learn\/blog\/power-quality\/thermal-imaging-transformers\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Fluke \u2014 Thermal Imaging of Transformers<\/a> \u2014 field guidance on infrared verification of loading and connections.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transformer\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia \u2014 Transformer<\/a> \u2014 background on transformer theory, ratings, and cooling classifications.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"conclusion\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>Knowing if your transformer capacity is sufficient is not a matter of speculative guess about demand. The process involves four straightforward steps: determining the peak demand, calculating demand in kVA, determining the load factor, and checking nameplate data supported by factory-provided test results. Following the rule of permitting an increase of 10\u201320% and keeping the load factor below 80% for oil-filled transformers is rather cheap today and can prevent costly failures in the future.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Make the calculations in kVA and use a diversity factor between 0.7 to 0.85 for mixed industrial loads.<\/li>\n<li>Check the capacity with the IEC 60076 report \u2014 that is the only proof, not the catalog.<\/li>\n<li>Provide for 10-20% margin for future needs \u2014 that is the cheapest form of insurance at the procurement stage.<\/li>\n<li>Choose the vendor based on the tested capacity and level of transparency, rather than the price per kVA.<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In a food-processing plant in the Midwest, one of the engineers had recently installed a brand new pad-mounted transformer with a capacity of 200 kVA which was meant to support the expansion of a freezer. However, within a span of three weeks after installation, the transformer faced trip due to thermal overload during production hours [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":10658,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[77],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10657","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"blocksy_meta":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10657","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10657"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10657\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10910,"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10657\/revisions\/10910"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10658"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10657"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10657"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10657"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}