{"id":10825,"date":"2026-08-29T23:43:13","date_gmt":"2026-08-29T15:43:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/q8bbzjnpm5.wpdns.site\/?p=10825"},"modified":"2026-08-29T23:43:13","modified_gmt":"2026-08-29T15:43:13","slug":"practical-guide-to-troubleshooting-power-transformer-faults","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/ar\/news\/practical-guide-to-troubleshooting-power-transformer-faults\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644<\/td>\n\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b<\/td>\n\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u060c \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a<\/td>\n\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0648\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647\u0627<\/td>\n\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a (TTR)\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641<\/td>\n\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062a\u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0637\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a<\/td>\n\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0629 (IEC 62021)\u060c \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td>\n\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u064b\u0627: \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0641\u0632\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0621. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0648\u0634\u0648\u0644\u0632 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/th>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a<\/th>\n\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0628 (DGA)<\/td>\nIEC 60599 \/ IEEE C57.104<\/td>\n\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 < 720 ppm\u061b \u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u061b \u0641\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 (IR) \/ PI<\/td>\nIEEE 43<\/td>\n\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u2265 2.0 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u061b IR \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 kV<\/td>\n\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u061b \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/td>\nIEC 60076-1<\/td>\n\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u2264 2% \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a OLTC\u060c \u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a (TTR)<\/td>\nIEC 60076-1<\/td>\n\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u2264 0.5% \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/td>\n\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u061b \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 OLTC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a (BDV)<\/td>\nIEC 60156<\/td>\n\u2265 40 kV \u0644\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u061b \u2265 30 kV \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u062a\u061b \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \/ \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642<\/td>\nIEC 60814 \/ \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0634\u0631<\/td>\n< 2% \u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u061b < 10 ppm \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a (\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a)<\/td>\n\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u061b \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a<\/td>\nIEC 60270<\/td>\n\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 PD \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 (\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 < 100 pC \u0639\u0646\u062f HV)<\/td>\n\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u061b \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f (SFRA)<\/td>\nIEC 60076-18<\/td>\n\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f<\/td>\n\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644\u061b \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 5% \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u2014 \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 40% \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 110 kV\/50 MVA \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 $ 400,000 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 10 MVA \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 OLTC\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0633\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u062c\u0623\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0633\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0643\u0644 6-12 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0643\u0644 2-3 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \/ \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/th>\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629<\/th>\n\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a<\/th>\n\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a DGA \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 (\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629)<\/td>\n\u062f\u0648\u0628\u0644\u060c SGS\u060c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n$80\u2013$250 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 DGA \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644 (\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a)<\/td>\n\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 (GE)\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n$15,000\u2013$45,000<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 (5\u201310 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a)<\/td>\n\u0645\u064a\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0648\u0643\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0644<\/td>\n$1,500\u2013$6,000<\/td>\n\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a IR\u060c PI\u060c DAR<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641 (\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648-\u0623\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0631)<\/td>\n\u0645\u064a\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c DV \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631<\/td>\n$4,000\u2013$12,000<\/td>\n\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 0.1 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a (TTR)<\/td>\n\u0645\u064a\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0644<\/td>\n$5,000\u2013$15,000<\/td>\nTTR \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 OLTC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 SFRA<\/td>\n\u062f\u0648\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0631<\/td>\n$20,000\u2013$60,000<\/td>\n\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b (\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629)<\/td>\n\u062f\u0648\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u060c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n$5,000\u2013$25,000 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a DGA + \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 + \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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