{"id":10549,"date":"2026-08-29T23:43:01","date_gmt":"2026-08-29T15:43:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/q8bbzjnpm5.wpdns.site\/?p=10549"},"modified":"2026-08-29T23:43:01","modified_gmt":"2026-08-29T15:43:01","slug":"guide-to-selecting-the-right-transformer-for-your-needs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/pt\/news\/guide-to-selecting-the-right-transformer-for-your-needs\/","title":{"rendered":"Guia para Selecionar o Transformador Certo para Suas Necessidades"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>O gerente da instala\u00e7\u00e3o, que comprou um transformador de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de 630 kVA para $12.000 com base em um or\u00e7amento recebido, descobriu que seis meses depois ele operava a 92% de carga em dias quentes, o que resultou em nenhuma margem de sobrecarga, aumento de perdas e redu\u00e7\u00e3o da vida \u00fatil do seu dispositivo. Portanto, comprar o tipo certo de transformador n\u00e3o se trata de um or\u00e7amento ser o mais barato, mas de combinar as classifica\u00e7\u00f5es de motoriza\u00e7\u00e3o com as perdas, n\u00edveis de tens\u00e3o, tipo de sistema de refrigera\u00e7\u00e3o, bem como requisitos de normas.<\/p>\n<p>O guia completo sobre como escolher um transformador cobre todas as etapas que cada cliente precisa seguir, na ordem em que o engenheiro as realizar\u00e1.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Em termos simples, se voc\u00ea deseja selecionar o tipo apropriado de transformador para comprar, precisa calcular a carga m\u00e1xima que precisar\u00e1 em kVA e, em seguida, escolher a classifica\u00e7\u00e3o de transformador apropriada de modo que a carga de pico esteja em torno de 60% a 80% da capacidade do transformador. Al\u00e9m disso, certifique-se de travar a rela\u00e7\u00e3o de tens\u00e3o dos transformadores, grupo vetorial, imped\u00e2ncia, classe de refrigera\u00e7\u00e3o e tipo de isolamento. Depois disso, procure cota\u00e7\u00f5es de fornecedores para o transformador considerando perdas sem carga e durante a carga por 20 anos usando o m\u00e9todo de perda capitalizada.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-10550\" src=\"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Guide-To-Selecting-The-Right-Transformer-For-Your-Needs.webp\" alt=\"Guide To Selecting The Right Transformer For Your Needs\" width=\"1448\" height=\"1086\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"step1\">Passo 1: Defina a Carga &amp; Calcule o Tamanho<\/h2>\n<p>Ao escolher um transformador, deve-se primeiro determinar a carga. N\u00e3o some a classifica\u00e7\u00e3o de placa de cada m\u00e1quina individual, ou voc\u00ea acabar\u00e1 com um transformador altamente superdimensionado. Em vez disso, siga a abordagem profissional:<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"6\">\n<caption>Exemplo de C\u00e1lculo de Dimensionamento de Transformador<\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Passo<\/th>\n<th>C\u00e1lculo<\/th>\n<th>Resultado<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Carga conectada<\/td>\n<td>Soma de todas as classifica\u00e7\u00f5es de equipamentos<\/td>\n<td>200 kVA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Demanda m\u00e1xima<\/td>\n<td>Aplique o fator de demanda 0,7<\/td>\n<td>840 kVA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Corre\u00e7\u00e3o do fator de pot\u00eancia<\/td>\n<td>Compensar para 0,95<\/td>\n<td>884 kVA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Margem de crescimento<\/td>\n<td>Adicione 20%<\/td>\n<td>061 kVA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o selecionada<\/td>\n<td>Tamanho padr\u00e3o mais pr\u00f3ximo<\/td>\n<td>000 ou 1.250 kVA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>A regra de ouro afirma que o tamanho da unidade deve ser tal que a carga de pico normal fique entre 60% e 80% de sua capacidade. Por exemplo, uma unidade de 1000 kVA tem uma carga de pico normal de 750 kVA, o que significaria que a unidade est\u00e1 operando com efici\u00eancia ideal com alguma margem de capacidade de carga para partida. Superdimensionar uma unidade resulta em custos desnecess\u00e1rios, bem como perdas ociosas, enquanto subdimension\u00e1-la leva a um ciclo de vida r\u00e1pido da unidade, al\u00e9m do risco de falha em clima quente.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"step2\">Passo 2: Selecione a Rela\u00e7\u00e3o de Tens\u00e3o &amp; Grupo Vetorial<\/h2>\n<p>A rela\u00e7\u00e3o de tens\u00e3o deve corresponder \u00e0s unidades do gerador e do consumidor. Geralmente, para aplica\u00e7\u00f5es industriais e comerciais, o transformador de tens\u00e3o prim\u00e1rio \u00e9 em torno de 11 ou 20 kV e secund\u00e1rio 400\/230. No local da subesta\u00e7\u00e3o, as rela\u00e7\u00f5es de tens\u00e3o comuns s\u00e3o 110\/20 kV, 33\/11 kV e 220 kV\/110 kV. O grupo vetorial ajuda a determinar como as fases est\u00e3o conectadas e se o transformador est\u00e1 aterrado ou n\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"6\">\n<caption>Grupos Vetoriais Comuns &amp; Seus Usos<\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Grupo Vetorial<\/th>\n<th>Configura\u00e7\u00e3o<\/th>\n<th>Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o T\u00edpica<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dyn11<\/td>\n<td>Prim\u00e1rio delta, secund\u00e1rio estrela com neutro<\/td>\n<td>Distribui\u00e7\u00e3o, 11\/0,4 kV \u2014 o mais comum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>YNd11<\/td>\n<td>Prim\u00e1rio estrela com neutro, secund\u00e1rio delta<\/td>\n<td>Transformadores de pot\u00eancia de transmiss\u00e3o e subtransmiss\u00e3o<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Yyn0<\/td>\n<td>Estrela-estrela, ambos os neutros<\/td>\n<td>Pequena distribui\u00e7\u00e3o, redes espec\u00edficas<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>YNyn0<\/td>\n<td>Estrela-estrela com ambos os neutros<\/td>\n<td>Sistemas interconectados com neutros aterrados<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Ao paralelizar transformadores, \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio garantir a compatibilidade com o grupo vetorial, imped\u00e2ncia e rela\u00e7\u00e3o. Um transformador Dyn11 n\u00e3o pode funcionar em conjunto com YNd11. Quando em d\u00favida, um transformador Dyn11 pode ser solicitado para sua distribui\u00e7\u00e3o e voc\u00ea sempre pode verificar com o fornecedor sobre a adequa\u00e7\u00e3o de suas configura\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"step3\">Passo 3: Escolha da Imped\u00e2ncia e Classe de Resfriamento<\/h2>\n<p>As caracter\u00edsticas da tens\u00e3o de imped\u00e2ncia (que geralmente \u00e9 de 4% a 6% para transformadores de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o e tipicamente de 8% a 12% para transformadores de pot\u00eancia) definem a corrente de curto-circuito e a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de pot\u00eancia entre sistemas paralelos. Baixa imped\u00e2ncia permite uma corrente de falha mais alta, mas tem melhor regula\u00e7\u00e3o de tens\u00e3o; alta imped\u00e2ncia protege os equipamentos el\u00e9tricos, mas traz uma m\u00e1 regula\u00e7\u00e3o de tens\u00e3o. A maioria das empresas de utilidade e projetistas industriais calcularam esse n\u00famero com base na an\u00e1lise de suas redes; n\u00e3o assuma que a f\u00e1brica sabe disso.<\/p>\n<p>A classe de resfriamento indica quanto de carga a unidade pode acomodar e a que pre\u00e7o:<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"6\">\n<caption>Classes de Resfriamento e Suas Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es<\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>C\u00f3digo de Resfriamento<\/th>\n<th>Significado<\/th>\n<th>Quando Escolh\u00ea-lo<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ONAN<\/td>\n<td>\u00d3leo natural, ar natural<\/td>\n<td>Distribui\u00e7\u00e3o, servi\u00e7o externo simples<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ONAN\/ONAF<\/td>\n<td>Adds forced-air fans<\/td>\n<td>Substation and industrial units with peak\/overload duty<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>OFAF \/ ODAF<\/td>\n<td>Forced oil + air<\/td>\n<td>Large units above ~50 MVA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dry-type (AN\/AF)<\/td>\n<td>Air natural \/ forced<\/td>\n<td>Indoor, fire-sensitive installations<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>When the fans are activated, a transformer rated 20\/28 MVA ONAN\/ONAF provides 40% greater capacity, an economical approach to meet peak summer loads and other contingencies without purchasing a larger transformer.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"step4\">Step 4: Oil-Immersed or Dry-Type?<\/h2>\n<p>This choice is driven mostly by location and fire codes:<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"6\">\n<caption>Oil-Immersed vs. Dry-Type Selection Guide<\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Fator<\/th>\n<th>\u00d3leo Imerso<\/th>\n<th>Seco<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Best location<\/td>\n<td>Outdoor substations<\/td>\n<td>Indoor, high-rise, marine<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Rating range<\/td>\n<td>50 kVA\u20131,200 MVA<\/td>\n<td>100 VA\u201340 MVA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Relative cost (1 MVA)<\/td>\n<td>Base ($18k\u2013$45k)<\/td>\n<td>+40%\u201360% ($28k\u2013$70k)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Risco de inc\u00eandio<\/td>\n<td>Oil containment needed<\/td>\n<td>Flame-retardant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Manuten\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td>\n<td>Oil testing, DGA<\/td>\n<td>Minimal, no oil<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ru\u00eddo<\/td>\n<td>Generally lower<\/td>\n<td>Higher for cast resin<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>If a transformer is outside or in an oil-filled substation, it must be oil-filled transformer. However, once it is inside a building, many codes insist on either dry-type units or ester-filled transformer.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-10551\" src=\"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/8-key-steps-for-smart-selection.webp\" alt=\"8 key steps for smart selection\" width=\"1448\" height=\"1086\" \/><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"step5\">Step 5: Tap Changer &amp; Regulation Needs<\/h2>\n<p>Check how much your supply voltage changes. If it is stable within \u00b15%, then a simple off-circuit switch with 2 or 3 positions (\u00b12.5%, \u00b15%) will work well. If daily fluctuations, peak and off-peak loads occur, the on-load switch (OLTC) should be used:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Off-circuit switches can either be cheap (3-5 positions). However, they must de-energize the transformer to set the position, so they are used mainly on distribution transformers.<\/li>\n<li>OLTC can have various ratings from \u00b110% to \u00b116% with 13 to 17 iterations in automatic regulation mode, i.e it keeps the output voltage within \u00b12%; This is common for transmission or sub-transmission transformers.<\/li>\n<li>When you consider the cost of these systems, an OLTC presents an additional cost of about $15,000\u2013$60,000 based on the transformer rating; therefore you must treat it as an investment for quality of power.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"step6\">Step 6: Evaluate Losses &amp; Efficiency<\/h2>\n<p>Make sure to make comparisons based on the total cost of ownership rather than only focusing on bid pricing. Transformers are in operation continuously which means losses are happening permanently. Request each supplier guaranteed values for both no-load and load losses so that you can complete a capitalized loss comparison:<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"6\">\n<caption>Loss Comparison Example (1,000 kVA, 11\/0.4 kV)<\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Supplier<\/th>\n<th>Perda em Vazio<\/th>\n<th>Load Loss<\/th>\n<th>Est. Annual Energy Loss*<\/th>\n<th>20-Year Loss Value**<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>A (standard)<\/td>\n<td>1,150 W<\/td>\n<td>10,500 W<\/td>\n<td>\u224817 MWh<\/td>\n<td>\u2248$34,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>B (low-loss)<\/td>\n<td>900 W<\/td>\n<td>9,500 W<\/td>\n<td>\u224814 MWh<\/td>\n<td>\u2248$28,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>The initial cost of the low-loss apparatus is greater than normal, however, in most instances, the money saved over a period of time (3-6 years) pays for the unit. This is why stringent energy consumption standards exist.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"step7\">Step 7: Standards, Certification &amp; Testing<\/h2>\n<p>Your contract must mandate compliance with the IEC 60076-1 standard in general and with the specific IEC 60076 provisions relevant to your application and, additionally, the IEEE C57.12.00 standard for North America. Insist on receiving the following documents before payment:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Type-Test Reports \u2013 for the temperature rise, lightning impulse, and short-circuit withstand tests conducted on a sample unit.<\/li>\n<li>Routine Test Certificates \u2013 for the ratio, impedance, losses, dielectric, and insulation resistance determined on your specific unit.<\/li>\n<li>Certifications \u2013 if necessary, CE mark, ISO 9001 quality certificate and IEC 60076-11 for dry-type transformers.<\/li>\n<li>Third-Party Inspection Report \u2013 usually by SGS or Bureau Veritas, or may be provided by your own expert supervising tests in the factory for relevant price orders.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>It is also advisable to abandon suppliers that refuse independent inspection or do not possess type-test reports irrespective of their pricing policy as certificates and records of examinations are the proof of the quality of a product.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"step8\">Step 8: Compare Brands &amp; Prices<\/h2>\n<p>Both multinational companies and the Chinese industry adhere to IEC 60076 standards but differ in terms of price, lead time, and engineering services. The planning-level intervals for oil-immersed transformers are:<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"6\">\n<caption>Transformer Price Ranges by Rating &amp; Source<\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o<\/th>\n<th>Chinese Factory (e.g. Subian)<\/th>\n<th>European\/US Brand<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Tipo Seco (t\u00edpico)<\/td>\n<td>$1,500\u2013$8,000<\/td>\n<td>$4,000\u2013$12,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 MVA<\/td>\n<td>$18,000\u2013$45,000<\/td>\n<td>$35,000\u2013$70,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2.5\u20135 MVA<\/td>\n<td>$35,000\u2013$90,000<\/td>\n<td>$70,000\u2013$200,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>20 MVA \/ 110 kV<\/td>\n<td>$160,000\u2013$300,000<\/td>\n<td>$430,000\u2013$700,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Specifications, loss levels, and locality dictate prices. If an enterprise requires equipment that meets the IEC 60076 standards for a factory-direct price, Jiangsu Subian Electric Power is an excellent choice: this manufacturer of distribution and power transformers (50 kVA\u2013220 kV classes, both oil-immersed and dry) also bears specifications in terms of voltage ratios, vector grouping, tap range, and some cooling methods. All the units are equipped with type test and routine test results, certification according to CE\/ISO standards, and their prices are much lower than those of their foreign competitors (the price difference varies between 30% and 50%). Also, the factory is open for OEM\/ODM projects and third-party inspections.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-10552\" src=\"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/The-Complete-Selection-Checklist.webp\" alt=\"The Complete Selection Checklist\" width=\"1448\" height=\"1086\" \/><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"checklist\">The Complete Selection Checklist<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Determine the peak load with the help of the demand factor and growth margin; ensure that the rating is chosen such that the peak load is between 60% and 80%. Verify the voltage values for supply and load and decide on both the ratio and vector group.<\/li>\n<li>The impedance must be acquired from the network study (5%-10% on average).<\/li>\n<li>Choose a cooling type: ONAN when working under standard loads, ONAN\/ONAF if overload is expected.<\/li>\n<li>Choose between oil and dry-type based on the place of installation and fire code requirements.<\/li>\n<li>Choose the tap changer: off-circuit if the supply voltage is stable, OLTC if more precise voltage stability is required.<\/li>\n<li>Compare offers based on guaranteed losses using a capitalized loss study for 20-30 years.<\/li>\n<li>Request the type test reports according to IEC 60076 and third-party inspection.<\/li>\n<li>Budget for 20%-40% of costs for protection, installation, testing, and construction works.<\/li>\n<li>Check the lead time, warranty (which usually lasts from 12 to 24 months), and service after the sale.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"faq\">Perguntas Frequentes<\/h2>\n<h3>How do I calculate the right transformer size for my building or factory?<\/h3>\n<p>Determine the connected load, multiply with demand factor of 0.6-0.85, correct power factor to 0.9-0.95, add anything from 15%-25% for growth to that. Then select the nearest standard rating so that the normal peak load is equal to somewhere between 60%-80% of the capacity. For example, if connected load equals 1200 kVA, demand factor is 0.7, and growth is 20%, the result will be something close to 1060 kVA. In this case, a unit with rating equal to either 1000 or 1250 kVA will do.<\/p>\n<h3>What is the difference between a 11\/0.4 kV and a 20\/0.4 kV transformer?<\/h3>\n<p>Both units have the same function but operate at different voltages in this instance, where the 11-kV unit is suitable for 11 kV incoming medium voltage lines and the 20-kV unit operates in 20 kV systems. While the kVA ratings can be the same, the high-voltage unit has higher BIL insulation as well as different construction, and in general costs slightly more.<\/p>\n<h3>Should I buy an oil-immersed or a dry-type transformer?<\/h3>\n<p>In some cases, dry-type transformers are used in occupied buildings and outdoor locations. The dry-type transformers are very high rated and maintenance free. The cost of dry-type transformer in range of $28000-$70000 and compared to oil immersed transformer in a range of $18000-$45000.<\/p>\n<h3>Why are transformers with the same rating priced so differently?<\/h3>\n<p>Loss guarantees, main steel quality, winding material (copper or aluminium), brand of tap changer, cooling class, history of type testing, and brand premium. Always do a capitalized-loss comparison: a unit that has low losses and costs an additional 5% to 10% is likely to save more in power costs during 20 years than its entire price difference.<\/p>\n<h3>What paperwork should I request before buying a transformer?<\/h3>\n<p>Ask for the type test report (temperature climbing, lightning impulse, short circuit), routine testing certification for your unit, ISO 9001 quality certification, CE marking if applicable, and the possibility of third party inspection. According to IEC 60076-1, ratio tolerance is \u00b10.5%, therefore verify the test results with your specification prior to accepting delivery.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"references\">Refer\u00eancias<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/en\/publication\/639\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">IEC 60076-1: Power Transformers \u2014 General<\/a> \u2014 The base standard for ratings, tolerances, and tests.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/en\/publication\/641\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">IEC 60076-7: Loading Guide for Oil-Immersed Power Transformers<\/a> \u2014 Overload capability and loading recommendations for sizing.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/5307241\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">IEEE C57.12.00: General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Transformers<\/a> \u2014 North American selection and application standard.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/eere\/amo\/transformer-efficiency\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">US DOE: Transformer Efficiency Standards<\/a> \u2014 Efficiency regulations that shape loss specifications.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nfpa.org\/codes-and-standards\/nfpa-70-standard-development\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NFPA 70: National Electrical Code<\/a> \u2014 Installation requirements for transformer selection and placement.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reinhausen.com\/en\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen (MR)<\/a> \u2014 Reference for tap changer selection and voltage regulation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"conclusion\">Conclus\u00e3o<\/h2>\n<p>The choice of the appropriate transformer is not simply one of price but consists of a process of eight specific engineering decisions. This means that proper sizing with reference to the actual load profile, choice of the right voltage (with the right vector group), type of cooling and the insulation suitable for specific locality, assessment of losses within the life cycle of the asset as well as strict insistence on the test evidence that is supported by standards are the factors making a good purchase rather than a costly mistake.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The most general sizing of transformers means so-called normal peak = 60%\u221280% of the transformer rating with a 15%\u221225% margin for growth to be considered.<\/li>\n<li>The ratio, vector group, impedance, and cooling should be predetermined before the supplier\u2019s selection.<\/li>\n<li>The comparison should be made based on the capitalized losses that may be incurred during 20\u221230 years as opposed to the first cost.<\/li>\n<li>Ensure the receipt of the type test reports as well as third-party inspection references.<\/li>\n<li>Prices are estimated in a range of $1.5k\u2212$8k (for 100 kVA transformers), $18k\u2212$45k (for 1 MVA transformers), $160k\u2212$300k (for 20 MVA transformers) when purchased from the manufacturer directly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The facility manager, who purchased a 630 kVA distribution transformer for $12,000 based on one quote received, learned that six months later it operated at 92% load on hot days, which resulted in no overload margin, increased lossiness, and his device&#8217;s lifetime reduction. Hence, buying the right type of transformer is not about a quote [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":10550,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[77],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10549","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"blocksy_meta":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10549","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10549"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10549\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11094,"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10549\/revisions\/11094"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10550"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10549"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10549"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10549"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}