{"id":10720,"date":"2026-08-29T23:43:20","date_gmt":"2026-08-29T15:43:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/q8bbzjnpm5.wpdns.site\/?p=10720"},"modified":"2026-08-29T23:43:20","modified_gmt":"2026-08-29T15:43:20","slug":"intelligent-upgrading-and-application-practices-of-transformers-in-the-construction-of-smart-grids","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/pt\/news\/intelligent-upgrading-and-application-practices-of-transformers-in-the-construction-of-smart-grids\/","title":{"rendered":"Atualiza\u00e7\u00e3o Inteligente e Pr\u00e1ticas de Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de Transformadores na Constru\u00e7\u00e3o de Redes El\u00e9tricas Inteligentes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Voc\u00ea \u00e9 um engenheiro el\u00e9trico chefe em uma empresa de utilidade p\u00fablica da cidade que acaba de ser autorizada a executar um projeto piloto de rede inteligente, que incluir\u00e1 a an\u00e1lise de 2.400 transformadores de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o. Foi indicado \u00e0 sua equipe que os planos s\u00e3o tornar a rede observ\u00e1vel, mas o que voc\u00ea herdou ainda \u00e9 uma rede que requer leituras de medidores, amostragens de \u00f3leo trimestrais e chamadas ocasionais de cidad\u00e3os sobre ouvir zumbidos incomuns antes de a eletricidade acabar. O principal desafio aqui \u00e9 especificamente o transformador de rede inteligente, porque o transformador de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 o \u00faltimo n\u00f3 da rede que opera sem um medidor e sem qualquer monitoramento, sem que ningu\u00e9m pense em verificar o or\u00e7amento para a substitui\u00e7\u00e3o de milhares de unidades de uma s\u00f3 vez.<\/p>\n<p>Este artigo explica a atualiza\u00e7\u00e3o do transformador inteligente e as pr\u00e1ticas de aplica\u00e7\u00e3o em uma rede inteligente, juntamente com os custos envolvidos na adapta\u00e7\u00e3o versus substitui\u00e7\u00e3o, a import\u00e2ncia dos sensores e protocolos de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o, as principais informa\u00e7\u00f5es a serem coletadas primeiro e at\u00e9 onde um or\u00e7amento modestamente organizado pode chegar.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Responda com padr\u00f5es: Um transformador de rede inteligente \u00e9 um transformador de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o ou transformador de pot\u00eancia equipado com monitoramento online, possuindo intelig\u00eancia local e capacidades de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o para permitir que as utilidades monitorem carga, temperatura do \u00f3leo, gases dissolvidos e posi\u00e7\u00e3o de deriva\u00e7\u00e3o em tempo real.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-10721\" src=\"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Intelligent-Upgrading-And-Application-Practices-Of-Transformers-In-The-Construction-Of-Smart-Grids.webp\" alt=\"Intelligent Upgrading And Application Practices Of Transformers In The Construction Of Smart Grids\" width=\"1448\" height=\"1086\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"definition\">O que \u00e9 um Transformador de Rede Inteligente?<\/h2>\n<p>O transformador de rede inteligente \u00e9 um transformador de pot\u00eancia padr\u00e3o ou transformador de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o equipado com mecanismos de detec\u00e7\u00e3o, processamento e comunica\u00e7\u00e3o para permitir opera\u00e7\u00e3o remota e gerenciamento de desempenho em tempo real. A unidade permanece acima dos princ\u00edpios eletromagn\u00e9ticos descritos na IEC 60076. A diferen\u00e7a pode ser encontrada na parte \u201cinteligente\u201d, que geralmente inclui:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sensores de temperatura e n\u00edvel de \u00f3leo (unidades imersas em \u00f3leo) ou monitoramento da temperatura do enrolamento para unidades do tipo seco;<\/li>\n<li>Adaptador DGA para monitoramento de g\u00e1s (rastreamento de hidrog\u00eanio, metano, etileno e outros gases de falha);<\/li>\n<li>Sensores de descarga parcial instalados em buchas na parede do tanque;<\/li>\n<li>Unidade de monitoramento e controle local que \u00e9 respons\u00e1vel pela an\u00e1lise, e<\/li>\n<li>Gest\u00e3o de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o atrav\u00e9s do sistema SCADA seguindo Modbus, DNP3 ou IEC 61850.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>O transformador inteligente pode ser diferenciado dos \u201cmonitorados\u201d pelo fato de que ele opera usando dados em vez de apenas transmiti-los. Os transformadores inteligentes podem emitir um alarme caso detectem uma desvio do padr\u00e3o de carga di\u00e1rio regular, sincronizar com o OLTC para controlar a tens\u00e3o durante o carregamento de VE dentro de limites rastre\u00e1veis e avaliar a vida \u00fatil restante do isolamento com base nos pontos quentes observados anteriormente.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"benefits\">Por que os Transformadores Inteligentes S\u00e3o Importantes para a Constru\u00e7\u00e3o de Redes Inteligentes<\/h2>\n<p>A frota de transformadores de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o constitui cerca de 70-80% dos ativos totais possu\u00eddos por uma concession\u00e1ria e, ironicamente, permanece a classe de ativos menos monitorada. De acordo com estudos da CIGRE e IEEE, cerca de 30-40% das falhas de transformadores s\u00e3o \u201cinesperadas\u201d porque sua falha n\u00e3o \u00e9 precedida por nenhuma inspe\u00e7\u00e3o. A interrup\u00e7\u00e3o causada por um transformador com falha \u00e9 bem estabelecida: 100-600 clientes perdem temporariamente seu fornecimento de energia, o vazamento de \u00f3leo pode variar entre 400-2.000 litros, e o custo total da falha pode ser de $25.000-150.000, dependendo da compensa\u00e7\u00e3o pela interrup\u00e7\u00e3o e substitui\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<p>Quando o custo de monitorar um transformador est\u00e1 na faixa de $1.200-5.500, mas pode salvar uma concession\u00e1ria de at\u00e9 mesmo um incidente desse tipo ao longo de dez anos, \u00e9 evidentemente sensato implementar o sistema de monitoramento. O segundo benef\u00edcio \u00e9 a substitui\u00e7\u00e3o adiada: um transformador que opera corretamente com isolamento em boas condi\u00e7\u00f5es e que \u00e9 operado a 65% pode ser utilizado por 8-15 anos a mais. A terceira vantagem \u00e9 a operacional: os dados sobre a carga dos transformadores recebidos em tempo real podem ajudar a fazer ajustes em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0s cargas dos alimentadores e prolongar os investimentos necess\u00e1rios na moderniza\u00e7\u00e3o das esta\u00e7\u00f5es para $200.000-2 milh\u00f5es.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"how\">Como a Atualiza\u00e7\u00e3o Inteligente Funciona<\/h2>\n<p>Atualizar um transformador de maneira inteligente passa por cinco etapas:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ver: Os sensores monitoram as caracter\u00edsticas da temperatura do \u00f3leo, temperatura do enrolamento, vibra\u00e7\u00e3o do tanque, concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de gases e corrente de carga em intervalos de um segundo a um minuto.<\/li>\n<li>Analisar: A unidade de controle local transforma as leituras brutas em indicadores utiliz\u00e1veis \u2014 como temperatura de pontos quentes, porcentagem de umidade no \u00f3leo, rela\u00e7\u00e3o com a carga e \u00edndice de sa\u00fade de 0 a 100.<\/li>\n<li>Responder: As regras incorporadas (e \u00e0s vezes modelos de aprendizado de m\u00e1quina nos novos sistemas) sinalizam a apari\u00e7\u00e3o de tend\u00eancias anormais. Por exemplo, se a leitura de hidrog\u00eanio exceder 150 ppm e aumentar, gera um alarme, enquanto uma leitura de 80 ppm n\u00e3o gera.<\/li>\n<li>Agir: A unidade pode mudar a posi\u00e7\u00e3o do tap automaticamente, iniciar os ventiladores para resfriar a 65 \u00b0C (de acordo com o padr\u00e3o para transformadores imersos em \u00f3leo), ou enviar o comando para limitar a carga de alimentadores n\u00e3o cr\u00edticos.<\/li>\n<li>Transmitir: As informa\u00e7\u00f5es s\u00e3o comunicadas usando a rede Ethernet, fibra ou 4G\/LTE para o centro DMS\/SCADA via protocolo IEC 61850, transformando assim o transformador em um modelo de informa\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00edpico em vez de uma caixa preta criada pelo fabricante.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Para concession\u00e1rias de energia com subesta\u00e7\u00f5es baseadas no protocolo IEC 61850, transformadores inteligentes s\u00e3o n\u00f3s virtuais devido ao fato de que as fun\u00e7\u00f5es de prote\u00e7\u00e3o e monitoramento utilizam a mesma pilha de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o, que \u00e9 muito diferente de uma fam\u00edlia de sensores montados no tanque.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-10722\" src=\"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Retrofit-vs.-Replace-What-the-Numbers-Say.webp\" alt=\"Retrofit vs. Replace What the Numbers Say\" width=\"1448\" height=\"1086\" \/><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"retrofit\">Retrofit vs. Substitui\u00e7\u00e3o: O que os N\u00fameros Dizem<\/h2>\n<p>Um erro comum cometido durante a constru\u00e7\u00e3o de uma rede inteligente \u00e9 pensar que \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio substituir cada transformador. De acordo com os dados da tabela abaixo, a concession\u00e1ria pode escolher entre tr\u00eas cen\u00e1rios pr\u00e1ticos.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Caminho<\/th>\n<th>Escopo T\u00edpico<\/th>\n<th>Custo por Unidade<\/th>\n<th>Tempo de Entrega<\/th>\n<th>Melhor Quando<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Retrofit de monitoramento passivo<\/td>\n<td>Sensores externos + gateway, sem controle<\/td>\n<td>$1.200\u2013$2.800<\/td>\n<td>2\u20134 semanas<\/td>\n<td>O transformador \u00e9 jovem, a frota \u00e9 grande<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Retrofit inteligente completo<\/td>\n<td>DGA, PD, sensores de temperatura + LMCU + gateway IEC 61850 + controle OLTC<\/td>\n<td>$2.500\u2013$5.500<\/td>\n<td>4\u20138 semanas<\/td>\n<td>Alimentadores cr\u00edticos, unidades de alta carga<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Novo transformador inteligente<\/td>\n<td>Monitoramento integrado de f\u00e1brica, garantia de 10\u201315 anos na camada inteligente<\/td>\n<td>$8.000\u2013$42.000<\/td>\n<td>8\u201320 semanas<\/td>\n<td>Unidades no final da vida \u00fatil, novas subesta\u00e7\u00f5es<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>O conselho que os engenheiros frequentemente d\u00e3o \u00e9 que um transformador com mais de 20 anos, e que sofreu com alta carga por mais de 5 anos ou que apresenta ind\u00edcios de problemas de DGA, \u00e9 provavelmente um candidato \u00e0 substitui\u00e7\u00e3o. No entanto, um transformador com menos de 10 anos e que funciona bem pode ser reformado por cerca de um ter\u00e7o do custo. Como resultado, a maioria das concession\u00e1rias tomar\u00e1 a decis\u00e3o de substituir apenas 20\u201330% de transformadores, reformar 40\u201350% e instalar seus transformadores restantes quando estiverem fora para manuten\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"types\">Tipos e Classifica\u00e7\u00f5es de Transformadores Inteligentes<\/h2>\n<p>Existem v\u00e1rios tipos diferentes de transformadores de rede inteligente com suas aplica\u00e7\u00f5es espec\u00edficas na rede.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Tipo<\/th>\n<th>Faixa de Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o<\/th>\n<th>Recursos Inteligentes<\/th>\n<th>Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o T\u00edpica<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Transformador de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o inteligente (imers\u00e3o em \u00f3leo)<\/td>\n<td>50\u20132.500 kVA, 10\u201335 kV<\/td>\n<td>DGA, load monitoring, tap control<\/td>\n<td>Urban feeders, rural electrification<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Smart distribution transformer (dry-type)<\/td>\n<td>100\u20134,000 kVA, up to 35 kV<\/td>\n<td>Winding temperature, PD monitoring<\/td>\n<td>Buildings, indoor substations, offshore platforms<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Smart power transformer (grid-level)<\/td>\n<td>5\u2013100 MVA, 35\u2013220 kV<\/td>\n<td>Full DGA, OLTC automation, phasor-ready<\/td>\n<td>Transmission substations, interconnection points<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Solid-state transformer (SST)<\/td>\n<td>100 kVA\u20132 MVA (commercial stage)<\/td>\n<td>Power electronics based, bidirectional, DC link<\/td>\n<td>EV charging hubs, PV + storage microgrids<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Amorphous core smart transformer<\/td>\n<td>50\u20131.000 kVA<\/td>\n<td>Low no-load loss + monitoring<\/td>\n<td>High no-load loss reduction programs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Note that solid-state transformers are worth discussing as they are the only technology that exists which connects AC and DC networks enabling harmonic isolation. However, the commercial price tag (ranging from $150 to $300 per kVA or about 4 to 12 times the price of a standard model) limits their use today mostly to fast charging stations and railway industries, instead of general-purpose distribution usage.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"standards\">Standards and Communication Protocols<\/h2>\n<p>All smart electrical transformer specifications should refer to the following standards in order to ensure the tenders can be compared::<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Padr\u00e3o<\/th>\n<th>Escopo<\/th>\n<th>What It Means for Procurement<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>IEC 60076 (series)<\/td>\n<td>Power transformer design, testing, losses, impedance<\/td>\n<td>Baseline rating and loss guarantees<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>IEC 61850<\/td>\n<td>Substation and DER communication architecture<\/td>\n<td>Transformer must expose a standard logical node model<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>IEEE C57.104<\/td>\n<td>guia de interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o de DGA<\/td>\n<td>Defines gas concentration alarm levels and action zones<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>IEC 60270<\/td>\n<td>Partial discharge measurement<\/td>\n<td>Sets acceptable PD levels (e.g., \u226410 pC for new dry-type units)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>IEC 60529<\/td>\n<td>Ingress protection<\/td>\n<td>Sensor enclosures typically need IP54 or better<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>IEEE 1613<\/td>\n<td>Environmental requirements for communications devices in substations<\/td>\n<td>Applies to the communication gateway hardware<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>In practice, there are two clauses that can sway the tender decision; DGA alarm philosophy (IEEE C57.104 gas zones) and communications profile (an IEC 61850 server model with utility SCD file). A company that is not able to supply a standard SCD file increases integration cost by $5,000\u2013$20,000 per site.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"applications\">Application Practices Across the Smart Grid<\/h2>\n<p>As of now, intelligent transformers are found in five types of specific usages in smart grid development:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Voltage and reactive power management of feeders: Smart OLTC transformers keep the load voltage within \u00b12% of the set point with the aid of capacitor banks and DER inverters that contribute to reducing losses in the feeders by 3-6% in badly loaded urban feeders.<\/li>\n<li>Renewable energy harvesting: The transformer applies its automatic regulation functions at the points where solar energy generation or wind energy generation happen, allowing bidirectional energy flow between grid and generation points and achieving anti-islanding and voltage support. A 1 MW solar farm consumes a 1250 kVA boosting transformer.<\/li>\n<li>Electric vehicles recharge stations: Because of the DC fast charging stations consuming 150-350 kW each, there are plenty of load transients that block the conventional mechanical tap changer work. Those transformers implement predictive switching and perform up to 4-6 charging stations without flickering.<\/li>\n<li>Microgrids: In isolated types of microgrids, it is necessary to synchronize its operation with battery inverters operating through advanced communication tools.<\/li>\n<li>Asset health monitoring: Using smart transformers enabled people to gather data through thousands of units thus obtaining information on the entire fleet of transformers. It helped the companies use this technique to reduce the amount of accidents by 15-25%.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"specs\">Specifications to Specify in a Tender<\/h2>\n<p>Once you start drafting the technical specification, don\u2019t forget to create a separate clause for the smart layer. The requirements that must be taken into account are as follows :<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Par\u00e2metro<\/th>\n<th>Recommended Requirement<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Monitoring variables<\/td>\n<td>Load current, top oil temp, winding temp, oil level, DGA (H2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C2H2, CO, CO2), tap position<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sampling and logging<\/td>\n<td>1-second measurement, 1-minute average logging, 30-day local storage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Communications<\/td>\n<td>IEC 61850 server (MMS), Modbus TCP fallback, 4G\/LTE uplink option<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Precis\u00e3o<\/td>\n<td>Temperature \u00b11 \u00b0C, current \u00b10.5% of reading, DGA \u00b110% of reading or \u00b110 ppm, whichever is greater<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Alarm handling<\/td>\n<td>Configurable thresholds per IEEE C57.104, email\/SMS push, SCADA alarm objects<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Enclosure rating<\/td>\n<td>Gateway and sensor junction boxes IP54 minimum, \u221225 \u00b0C to +60 \u00b0C operating range<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Warranty<\/td>\n<td>10 years transformer, 5 years electronics and communication modules<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>It should also be pointed out that the monitoring system should not cancel the IEC 60076 test of transformers, and it should be made sure that if oil-cooled equipment is retrofitted with the sensors, it would be installed without breaching the main tank.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"brands\">Top Brands &amp; Price Comparison<\/h2>\n<p>While the intelligent transformer market is dominated by big international companies, an increasing number of specialized firms from China have started to participate actively in this business. The price of a typical 630 kVA, 10 kV\/0.4 kV intelligent distribution transformer with DGA and tap monitoring is shown in the table below; prices depend on specifications, region, and order volume.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Marca<\/th>\n<th>Pa\u00eds<\/th>\n<th>Smart Layer Offering<\/th>\n<th>Pre\u00e7o Indicativo (USD)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>ABB<\/td>\n<td>Su\u00ed\u00e7a<\/td>\n<td>TXpert ecosystem, full DGA + analytics<\/td>\n<td>$18,000\u2013$34,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Siemens<\/td>\n<td>Alemanha<\/td>\n<td>SITRAM\/EnergyIP, integrated tap control<\/td>\n<td>$17,000\u2013$33,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Schneider Electric<\/td>\n<td>Fran\u00e7a<\/td>\n<td>Smart Transformer (EcoStruxure), plug-and-play<\/td>\n<td>$16,000\u2013$31,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hitachi Energy<\/td>\n<td>Japan\/Switzerland<\/td>\n<td>LTC control + TXplore fleet analytics<\/td>\n<td>$18,000\u2013$36,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>GE Vernova<\/td>\n<td>EUA<\/td>\n<td>Asset Performance Management integration<\/td>\n<td>$17,000\u2013$35,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Jiangsu Subian Electric Power<\/td>\n<td>China<\/td>\n<td>IEC 60076-tested units with optional smart monitoring, OLTC, DGA-ready<\/td>\n<td>$8,000\u2013$22,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>International companies have extensive analytics systems and support programs available for customers involved in long-term fleet projects. Jiangsu Subian Electric Power has developed a factory-tested transformer that meets IEC 60076 standards and comes with optional smart monitoring. As a result, Subian&#8217;s prices are approximately 40\u201355% of the prices charged by companies located in Europe and America for products with similar specifications. In addition, it offers OEM\/ODM possibilities so that clients can determine the DGA supplier and the type of gateway they want. These qualities make Subian Electric Power a strong competitor in price-sensitive projects such as rural electrification, distribution feeders in developing areas, or large-scale retrofitting initiatives.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-10723\" src=\"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/How-to-Choose-the-Right-Upgrade-Path.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"1448\" height=\"1086\" \/><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"howtochoose\">How to Choose the Right Upgrade Path<\/h2>\n<p>The following set of guidelines should be followed while creating the transformer program for the smart grid:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The priority in the ranking should not be given to age but the consequences. Sort the units based on the consumer count, load factor along with the DGA trend. They cannot be considered equal when it comes to a 1,600 kVA unit powering a hospital and a unit providing power for a field pump.<\/li>\n<li>Establish the need for replacing or retrofitting based on the outlined 20-year rule and then check the results with a DGA course and carrying out a load survey of 24 hours.<\/li>\n<li>Stick to a single communication profile. The application of IEC 61850 is better to be made from the first day since it is going to help save on the expenses for changing the protocols in the future.<\/li>\n<li>Explain when writing the terms IEC 61850 that the sensors and the gates will not be locked by the vendor and they can be replaced easily.<\/li>\n<li>Plan the recommendation before putting into use the sensors. You should clarify whether the alarms are messages or events that are to be responded by somebody.<\/li>\n<li>The entire process should be divided into phases. In the first year it is better to deal with 10-15% of the units being evaluated and then the process can be advanced to 30-40% in number yearly.<\/li>\n<li>It would be useful to get in written form the response concerning the updates of firmware and security patches for a period of five years provided with a warranty.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"faq\">Perguntas Frequentes<\/h2>\n<h3>What is the difference between a smart transformer and a monitored transformer?<\/h3>\n<p>A monitored transformer just transmits measurements to a display or SCADA point while a smart transformer carries out local processing of data with the application of diagnostic rules like gas interpretation of IEEE C57.104 and can perform tasks autonomously such as changing tap position or starting the fans or cooperating with DER inverters. The difference in price is about $1,000 to $3,000 for every unit of the device, which is the reason why retrofitting usually starts from monitoring first and only then starts adding smart technologies.<\/p>\n<h3>How much does it cost to upgrade an existing distribution transformer to be smart?<\/h3>\n<p>The passive monitoring retrofit with temperature, load, and communication gateway has a price of $1,200 to $2,800 per unit while for full retrofit including DGA, partial discharge sensing, and tap control it is from $2,500 to $5,500, with an additional labor cost of $300 to $800. The phased full retrofit for the fleet of 1,000 units will amount to about $3 million to $6 million on average.<\/p>\n<h3>Which gas levels should trigger action on an oil-immersed transformer?<\/h3>\n<p>According to the IEEE C57.104 standard, hydrogen is the primary key gas: its normal concentration is lower than 100 ppm, where the level of 100-150 ppm means further sampling, while over 150 ppm indicates the necessity of immediate investigation. The concentration of carbon monoxide above 350 ppm indicates the presence of paper deterioration, and the presence of more than 1 ppm of acetylene always indicates that the fault needs to be investigated.<\/p>\n<h3>Is IEC 61850 mandatory for smart grid transformer projects?<\/h3>\n<p>Not strictly, however, it has become a de facto need for new power substations automation in most markets. Modbus TCP or DNP3 are valid for retrofit gateways. The competitive advantage of IEC 61850 is the standard logical nodes, which makes it possible to use the SCADA with different vendors along with using transformers from other manufacturers.<\/p>\n<h3>How long does a smart transformer monitoring system take to pay for itself?<\/h3>\n<p>For 630 kVA unit, the cost for full retrofit is $3,000 to $5,000 for the entire system installed. The savings from not having one unexpected failure (the average cost of such failure is between $25,000 to $150,000 in total) or from postponing the replacement (between $8,000 to $22,000) normally make the investment pay off in 2-4 years.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"references\">Refer\u00eancias<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/iec.ch\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">IEC 60076 series \u2014 Power transformers<\/a> \u2014 the core design, testing, and loss standards for all power and distribution transformers referenced throughout this article.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/iec61850.ucaiug.org\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">IEC 61850 \u2014 Communication networks and systems for power utility automation<\/a> \u2014 the standard information model that makes intelligent transformers interoperable in substation automation.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/6540568\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">IEEE C57.104 \u2014 Guide for the Interpretation of Gases Generated in Oil-Immersed Transformers<\/a> \u2014 the authoritative guide for DGA alarm zones and fault-gas interpretation used in monitoring thresholds.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nema.org\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NEMA \u2014 National Electrical Manufacturers Association<\/a> \u2014 publishes distribution transformer efficiency and application standards used in North American smart grid programs.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cigre.org\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">CIGRE \u2014 International Council on Large Electric Systems<\/a> \u2014 publishes working-group reports on transformer reliability, DGA, and fleet asset management used in this article&#8217;s failure statistics.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.smartgrid.gov\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. DOE Smart Grid Investment Grant program results<\/a> \u2014 government reporting on smart grid deployment costs, benefits, and transformer monitoring project outcomes.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/pt\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Jiangsu Subian Electric Power \u2014 official site<\/a> \u2014 manufacturer of IEC 60076-compliant oil-immersed and dry-type transformers with optional smart monitoring packages.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"conclusion\">Conclus\u00e3o<\/h2>\n<p>Upgrading transformers intelligently is the most impactful part of a smart grid project because it allows monitoring of the most hidden asset of the network. The economics are quite remarkable: retrofit price of $1,200-5,500 per unit, failure costs of $25,000-150,000 and payback period of 2-4 years, as well as up to 25% decrease in the number of unplanned failures for companies with analytic-wide practices. The technical solution is also obvious and consists of standardizing IEC 61850 protocols, employing DGA limits accepted by IEEE C57.104 and making use of sensors and gateways that are interchangeable, not vendor-dependent.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Try to retrofit all healthy units produced less than 10 years ago; replace the units that are older than 20 years and the ones with DGA anomalies.<\/li>\n<li>Implement the project gradually \u2014 start with 10-15% in the first year and then cover about 30-40% yearly.<\/li>\n<li>Compare world brands (ABB, Siemens, Schneider) with IEC-certified Chinese producers (such as Jiangsu Subian Electric Power) in order to get the right control\/cost balance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>You are a chief electrical engineer in a city utility company that has just been authorized to run a smart grid pilot project, which will include digging into 2,400 distribution transformers. It was indicated to your team that plans are to make the network observable, but what you inherited is still a grid that requires [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":10721,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[77],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10720","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"blocksy_meta":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10720","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10720"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10720\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10980,"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10720\/revisions\/10980"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10721"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10720"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10720"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/subian-electric.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10720"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}